Difference Between Personnel Manager and Hr Manager Essay

ALTHOUGH both human resource management (HRM) and personnel management focus on people management, if we examine critically, there are many differences between them. Some are listed below: i) Nature of relations: The nature of relations can be seen through two different perspective views which are Pluralist and Unitarist. There is a clear distinct difference between both because the personnel manager, the focus is more on individualistic where individual interest is more than group interest. Here, HR manager through a shared vision between management and staff create a corporate vision and mission which are linked to business goals and the fulfillment of mutual interest where the organization’s needs are satisfied by subordinates and subordinate’s needs are well-taken care by the organization. Motorola and Seagate are good examples of organizations that belief in this Unitarist approach which also focuses in team management and sees employees as partners in an organization. Relation of power and management: The distribution of power with personnel manager is centralized where the top management has full authority in decision-making where even the personnel managers are not even allowed to give ideas or take part in any decision which involves â€Å"employees†. HR manager, on the other hand, has the decentralization of power where the power between top management is shared with middle and lower management groups. This is known as â€Å"empowerment† because employees play an important role together with line and HR managers to make collective and mutual decisions, which can benefit both the management and employees themselves. In fact, HR manager focuses more on TQM approach as part of a team management with the involvement and participation of management and employees with shared power and authority. The nature of management is focused more on bottom-up approach with employees giving feedback to the top management and then the top management gives support to employees to achieve mutually agreed goals and objectives. ii) Leadership and management role: Personnel manager emphasizes much on leadership style which is very transactional. This style of leadership merely sees the leader as a task-oriented person. This leader focuses more on procedures that must be followed, punishment form non-performance and non-compliance of rules and regulations and put figures and task  accomplishments ahead of human factors such as personal bonding, interpersonal relationship, trust, understanding, tolerance and care. HR managers are the leaders who are transformational. This leadership style encourages business objectives to be shared by both employees and management. Here, leaders only focus more on people-oriented and importance on rules, procedures and regulations are eliminated and replaced with: Shared vision; Corporate culture and missions; Trust and flexibility; and HRM needs that integrates business needs. iv) Pay policies and job design: Pay policies for personnel manager is merely based on skills and knowledge required for the perspective jobs only. The value is based on the ability to perform the task and duties as per the employment contract requirement only. It does not encourage value-added incentives to be paid out. This is also because the job design is very functional, where the functions are more departmentalized in which each job falls into one functional department. This is merely known as division on labour based on job needs and skill possessions and requirement. For HR manager, the pay is designed to encourage continuous job performance and improvement which is linked to value-added incentives such as gain sharing schemes, group profit sharing and individual incentive plans. The job design is no more functional based but teamwork and cyclical based. HRM creates a new approach towards job design such as job rotation which is inter and intra-departmental based and job enlargement which encourages one potential and capable individual to take on more tasks to add value to his/her job and in return enjoy added incentives and benefits.

Theories Of Developmental Psychology Attachment Theory

Describe and evaluate two theories in developmental psychology Attachment theory, it refers to an affectionate bond. â€Å"A relatively extended and enduring connection with the partner is important as a unique individual is interchangeable with no other† Ainsworth (1989) cited in Gross (2003) hand out in class (03/06/2013).The aim of this attachment is for the infant to remain in close proximity to the attachment figure as she is considered the secure base and the infant would become distressed on separation. Proximity gives the feeling of closeness, relief and of being safe and that sustenance can be provided. Attachment behaviour is promoted by social releases for example; a baby crying; cooing, winning, these are all necessary instincts for survival. This type of attachment is innate and involves both the infant and care giver. The infant would also have a tendency to attach to a single person as a secure base this is known as monotony. This was expressed by Bowlby who was influenced by Lorenz’s work. A concept named by J.Bowlby describing the phenomenon in which a mother appears to be able to bond with only one infant at a time. The concept used by Marshall Klaus and John Kennel in their studies of maternal bonding in mothers of twins. When one twin is taken home from the hospital earlier than the other, the mother often reports that she doesn’t feel that the baby discharged later is hers. The second baby to reach home is more likely to fail to thrive or to be neglected orShow MoreRelatedAttachment Theory For Understanding Risk And Protection Factors Within Developmental P sychology1940 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will comprises, firstly, on past research looking into what attachment/ attachment theory is, focusing on Bowlby’s (DATE) research into why an infant’s first attachment is so important. Followed, by the work of Ainsworth et al (1978) bringing to light the findings from the strange situation, and how the research can explain mental illness. From this and in-depth discussion looking at how the previously discussed pieces of research have an effect on two particular disorders, depressionRead MoreAttachment Theory For Understanding Risk And Protection Factors Within Developmental Psychology1988 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will comprise, firstly, on past research looking into what attachment/ attachment theory is, focusing on Bowlby’s (DATE) research into why an infant’s first attachment is so important. Followed, by the work of Ainsworth et al (1978) bringing to light the findings from the strange situation, and how the research can explain mental illness. From this and in-depth discussion looking at how the previously discussed pieces of research have an effect on two particular disorders, depression andRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory And Theory908 Words   |  4 PagesBoth Erik Erikson’s theory and Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby theory support the idea that early life experiences impact the person across their lifespan. Erikson’s developmental theory discusses the eight stages of life and the forces and values that arise at each stage, which should be developed within this frame. The attachment theory focuses on the interaction an individual has and the impact it may have on their psychological and social development. Both theories believe that personality beginsRead MoreThe Theory Of Developmental Psychology1644 Words   |  7 Pages Developmental Psychology 2 Abstract Developmental Psychology is a scientific study that shows psychological changes in human being to birth to adulthood. It was first made to help infants and children, but now it has expanded to help the adolescence and adults just as well. Paul B. Baltes, has apply the six principles of human development, lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, gains and losses, contextualRead MoreWomen s Influence On The Field Of Psychology864 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the early days of psychology, opportunities for women where limited and it was an extremely difficult time for women to become apparent in the field of psychology. Women struggled for equality in the field of psychology and this began with our pioneers, Mary Whiton Calkins, who sat her PhD but was never awarded it, Margaret Washburn, being the first women to be awarded a PhD and Christine Ladd Franklin. Since these women made their breakthrough there has been more and more women contributingRead MoreEarly Infant Attachment And Subsequent Development1005 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyze the research on early infant attachment and subsequent development. The infant-caregiver relationship is vastly important to the proper and healthy development of an infant and throughout the duration of the infant’s life. However, the types of relationships attained through attachments as well as socialization goals vary across cultures (Gross, 2011).Secure infant attachments are however, extremely important to overall healthy psychosocial development and prosocial behavior and can be analyzedRead MoreMotor Coordination And Emotional Behavioral Problems782 Words   |  4 Pages Developmental Psychology Name: Institution: Developmental Psychology Cairney, J., Veldhuizen, S., Szatmari, P. (2010). Motor coordination and emotional-behavioral problems in children. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23(4), 324-329. The authors did not conduct any primary research but relied on literature review of other peer-reviewed journal articles. The relevance of this article to the research is that it has a focus on the attachment theory and discusses the significance of emotionallyRead MoreMy Point Of View Attachment Theory1033 Words   |  5 PagesMain Post Attachment theory is defined as the characters associated with the long term associated of human beings. From my point of view attachment is a lasting, secure and positive bond between a child and a caregiver, a reciprocal relationship. John Bowlby who used his knowledge in developmental psychology, psychoanalysis, ethology, and data processing to base his principle of the theory developed attachment theory. John Bowlby believed that attachment theory was on of the four essential behavioralRead MoreEffects Of Maternal Separation On Children s Development1397 Words   |  6 Pagesthe effects that maternal separation had on the child’s development. The hypothesis they formed based off their observations became known as the attachment theory. The attachment theory came about on the core principle that â€Å"children brought up with consistent, loving parents or significant, reliable caregivers can develop a foundation of trust and attachment and can grow up to be well-adjusted adults who are capable of forming trusting and loving relationships.† (Bigner, 2014, p. 50-51) However, ifRead MoreInfant Attachment Styles and General Anxiety Disorder in Adults1373 Words   |  6 PagesInfant Attachment styles and general anxiety disorder in adults Purpose The purpose of this study is to look at the relationship between infant attachment styles and psychological wellbeing, with general anxiety as a measure of psychological wellbeing. This study will use an adult sample that will go through psychological tests to determine what attachment style each individual had when they were infants. After establishing their attachment styles their general anxiety levels will be tested

Current State Of The U.s. Economy - 1342 Words

Current State of the U.S. Economy A nation’s economy plays a vital role in how a nation operates. The United States economy faces a large variety of problems in this paper; we will focus on 4 major economic problems, unemployment, inequality, federal debt, and the financial/credit market. All four issues are interconnected in some way with deep social and economic implications. These issues were emphasized during the Great Recession that hit the U.S. economy in 2007.In the following paper, we will look at each of the four topics individually as well as look at how each plays a significant role in one another’s overall impact on the U.S. economy as well as individuals in the United States. The United States plays a crucial role in the world economy, meaning that every issue and difficulty faced the United States economy has implications far outside the U.S., understanding how these issues relate to one another sheds insight into just how connected every area of the economy actually is. Beginning with unemployment in the 2007-2009 recession, U.S. unemployment rates peaked at 10% as well as held 41 consecutive months at rates higher than eight percent (Lazear 1). The U.S. economy plummeted during this time; many attributed the shift to a large decrease in the number of employed workers. To be able to better understand the unemployment issue, we must first examine the form of unemployment faced by the U.S. economy. Many believe that the changes faced by the U.S. labor marketShow MoreRelated The Current State of the U.S. Economy Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesThe Current State of the U.S. Economy The United States economy is racing ahead at dangerous speeds, and it may be too late to prevent the return of widespread inflation. Ideally the economy should move ahead gradually and grow at a steady manageable rate. Mae West once stated â€Å"Too much of a good thing can be wonderful† and it seems the U.S. Treasury Secretary agrees. The Secretary announced that due to our increasing surplus and booming economy, instead of having an outsized tax cut, we shouldRead MoreEssay on Current Account Deficits1077 Words   |  5 PagesCarbaugh (2011) asks, Can the United States Continue to Run Current Account Deficits Indefinitely? (p. 361). Ultimately in the long term the answer is no, but the question could be rephrased to ask: (1) Does the United States unique position in the world economy allow the country to safely run persistent external deficits? and (2) can persistent U.S. deficits in the current and payments accounts be adjusted without bringing about economic recession or crisis? Japan, China, and Middle EasternRead MoreEssay on The United States Current Account Deficit1251 Words   |  6 Pages The largest and richest world economy belongs to the United States (â€Å"North America,† 2011). Interestingly, this same monstrous economy also holds the title for the largest current account deficit. The U.S. current account deficit is funded from net capital inflows from abroad and has continued to grow throughout the last two decades (Holman, 2001). Economists in the early part of this century theorized that this huge U.S. external deficit was sustainable because it would gradually correctRead MoreTrade Deficit1198 Words   |  5 PagesTo finance this trade deficit, the U.S. borrows from abroad. Also, the U.S. government is spending more than it takes in from taxes. The budget deficits widens the gap between the national income and national savings and increases the deficit in the current account by requiring more borrowing fro m abroad. The widening current deficit puts pressure on U.S. currency in the financial markets. As long as Americans are willing to buy cheap imported goods and the U.S. government has a budget deficitRead MoreThe Future Of Puerto Rico1312 Words   |  6 PagesCongress, the people of Puerto Rico voted in favor of statehood. However, with a current debt load of $70 billion, will statehood be granted. Literature listed suggests that granting statehood could possibly address Puerto Rico’s crushing debt, unemployment, and poverty. However, others argue that Puerto Rico’s island loyalty could have enormous implications for the future of the U.S. if Puerto Rico became the 51st state. Evidence suggests that the mounting debt has influenced residents of theRead MoreHow Corporations Should Be Taxed On The United States Economy1461 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, more than twenty major American companies have left the United States and moved overseas to take advantage of lower tax rates, taking with them jobs and investments (Allen, D). The recent surge of interest in United States corporate inversions has triggered calls for Congress to put an end to the practice. A corporate inversion is when an American company merges with a foreign business and moves the combined business’s headquarters to the foreign country. Inversions are a problemRead MoreIllegal Immigration Should Not Invest Or Enforce On Current Method Of Border Security Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagesan unprecedented rate in the U.S. since the late 1990s. To absolve this matter, border security has been enforced throughout the entire country with the objective to reduce the entry of illegal immigrants across the border, wherein such acts to do so has been initiated such as the mass deportation of illegal immigrants, increasing security in national border and screening. This whole initiative has reduced the number of immigrants living in the U.S. However, current findings have proven that increasingRead MoreAmerican Economy Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Economy is the most dominant economy in the world and has been one that many countries have tried to replicate. Let’s take a look at how the American Economy is so dominant and why. There are many important numbers to base an economy off of, however, we are only going to look into some of the most vital numbers that really illustrate why the United States is the world’s leading economy. These numbers consist of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the total amount of goods and servicesRead MoreSupply and Demand Aggregate956 Words   |  4 PagesSupply and Demand Economic Critique The United States economy is determined by a number of factors, such as; gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment rates, consumer income, and interest rates. Everything the U.S. produces is measured by the GDP. When the GDP turns negative, the economy can enter a recession. If this negative GDP continues for years the country is considered in a depression. Supply and demand are the forces drive the U.S. economy. Supply includes employment and natural resourcesRead MoreEncouraging Economic Growth with the Fair Tax Act1728 Words   |  7 Pagesdebate about over the nation’s debt rages across Capitol Hill, our leaders seem unable to address the problem in a meaningful way. Most of them, however will agree that we do have a problem. The President’s 2010 Debt Commission reported that the United States tax code must be drastically reformed in order to avert a long term economic crisis. The report stated that: The tax code is rife with inefficiencies, loopholes, incentives, tax earmarks, and baffling complexity. We need to lower tax rates, broaden

Facts About Marijuana Essay - 893 Words

Facts About Marijuana Weed, pot, reefer, grass, dope, hash, herb, Mary Jane, ganja, skunk, boom, kif, gangster; these are all common names for the drug marijuana. Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States, which makes it a problem. Certain officials believe that legalizing this potentially harmful drug will solve the problems that are associated with it. But that is not true. In fact, legalizing marijuana would only make the situation much worse. Although many people argue both sides, it seems to come down to the question of what will the people actually use this substance for? Some say medical purposes, others say just for a quick high, but, no matter what way you look at it, marijuana is dangerous and it is†¦show more content†¦As for potency, drug traffickers would find ways to make their dope better than that legally allowed (Claim I 1-2). No matter what the government does to either help or appease the problem, its not going to go away. And other people would find w ays to get their buck out of it too. Legalization of marijuana would also lead to increased use and addiction. When the United States legalized alcohol and tobacco use it sent out a message to the people that it is something that is okay. Now, after long hours of research, the population knows that they arent okay and they arent good for you. There are over 50 million nicotine addicts, 18 million alcoholics or problem drinkers, and fewer than 2 million cocaine addicts in the United States. Cocaine is a much more addictive drug than alcohol. If cocaine were legally available, as alcohol and nicotine are now, the number of cocaine abusers would probably rise to #8230; perhaps 20 to 25 million (Claim III 1). Alaska tried to legalize marijuana, saying that the state could not interfere with a persons possession of marijuana in his home for personal use. Because of this ruling, many Alaskans took it as a signal to light up, especially the younger ones even though the ruling was for those persona over nineteen years of age. The University of Alaska did a study on it and concluded that theShow MoreRelated The Legalization of Marijuana Essay937 Words   |  4 PagesThe Legalization of Marijuana The legalization of the drug marijuana is a hot topic nowadays. Many people want this substance to be legalized and regularly available like cigarettes. But what some people do not know are the serious health risks involved when using marijuana. There is a lot more to marijuana than just smoking it. Marijuana can have very damaging affects on a person?s brain. It can impair a person?s short-term memory, decision-making and signal detectionRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is safer than tobacco and alcohol, more beneficial and healthier too. Marijuana, unlike tobacco and alcohol, never causes serious illnesses like cancers of the lungs, throat, and mouth, cirrhosis, dementia, or anything else. In actuality, medical marijuana is used to treat cancer cells. â€Å"The earliest use of cannabis as a medicine is attributed to the legendary Chinese Emperor Shen Nung, who is thought to have lived around 2700 BC.. Cannabis sativa is thought to have been grown for at leastRead MoreWhy We Should Legalize Weed Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Weed How many times have you heard or read about legalizing marijuana in the last year? I have heard about it numerous times whether on TV, on the radio, on the Internet, or when reading a newspaper. Many people wants marijuana to be legalized and each has his or her own reason. Some of them want marijuana legalized to reduce drug related violence in southern states that border Mexico and in big cities such as Chicago. Others want marijuana legalized to offset the impact of the current rescissionRead MoreThe Cons Of Marijuana And Marijuana1449 Words   |  6 PagesEmma Biggs/Regalia Political Studies 22 October 2014 The Cons of Cannabis Although it is a highly common defense that marijuana is not addictive, it in fact is. Many regular smokers find themselves ridden with very similar withdrawal symptoms of a tobacco addict (Marijuana Addiction Symptoms and Effects). Around 9% of people who use find themselves dependent on marijuana (Is Marijuana Addictive?). That may not seem like much, but that is almost 1 in every 10 people hooked on a drug that is supposedlyRead MoreMedical Marijuana Laws and their Effects1556 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Medical Marijuana Laws and their Effects Keith Reese COM/156 7/23/2014 Jennifer Preus Medical Marijuana Laws and their Effects In 1936, George Herliman produced the propaganda film â€Å"Tell Your Children†, later titled â€Å"Reefer Madness†(â€Å"IMBD†, 1990-2014). This film, financed by a church group to display the exaggerated consequences of marijuana usage, was intended to inspire fear in parents and children alike. Though marijuana legalization has become a front burner topicRead MoreIt Is Time to Legalize Marijana1700 Words   |  7 Pagesam talking about is marijuana, and surprisingly it is all around us. Marijuana is even referred to in today’s media Mainstream media sources that people enjoy, like music, movies, and TV shows, do not even bother to leave the drug out of their system. Now being a young adult and having my own personal experience with the drug and knowing its effects on others, I wonder why it’s not legal. Why is it that this drug has become illegal all over the world? The debate to legalize marijuana in the UnitedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essays1254 Words   |  6 PagesLegalizing Marijuana has been a common subject for debate in the United States. As the debate continues on in the political system, marijuana has become the most popular illegal drug in the United States. There are many arguments for and against the legalizati on of marijuana ranging from the effects on the mind and body to the economic possibilities after legalization. Both sides embrace strong facts and stronger support, but much of these facts consist of similar research with contradicting resultsRead More Legalization of Marijuana Should Not Happen Essays954 Words   |  4 Pages The legalization of marijuana is a very controversial issue that is being debated across the United States. In the article Going to Pot?, by Damon Linker, Linker attempts to persuade readers that legalizing of marijuana can cause more harm than help. This publication was released in November of 2001. Although two other writers, Richard Lowry and Andrew Sullivan, try to change readers beliefs Linker maintains his stance against marijuana. Without discrediting their facts he explains and defendsRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legal1085 Words   |  5 PagesDear , Since the 1930s marijuana has been illegal in the United States. The debate to legalize marijuana has been a huge controversy since the existence of the drug. I believe that by legalizing marijuana America will be able to thrive in the future. Marijuana has been tested and proven to provide a very positive impact in the medical field, the economy, and crime. First and foremost, marijuana is legal in some states in the United States but for medical use only and other countries such as CanadaRead MoreIssue on Marijuana Essay example658 Words   |  3 PagesLegalization of Marijuana in the United States is an ongoing topic that has been going on for several years. There are vast majority of Americans who are for this move and against this move. While each side has several good arguments to defend their case, neither one has a distinct advantage over the other. I will be going over several arguments or point of views as well will have several facts about the effects of Marijuana whether it is good or bad. Marijuana is a very prominent and controversial

Air Jordan Marketing Free Essays

4P: Jordan Air In order to briefly explain how marketing mix is applied, I am going to give you the example of the â€Å"Jordan Air† So you can see an example of marketing mix I will show you a product that you all know â€Å"Jordan Air†. Product: The product that I will present you is the â€Å"Air Jordan† by Nike. Air Jordan  is a  brand  of shoes and athletic apparel designed, owned, and produced by Nike  and  Michael Jordan  for Nike’s  Jordan Brand  subsidiary but I will focus on the market of trainers. We will write a custom essay sample on Air Jordan Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are high quality trainers, and they are considered as high range of trainers. * The Jordan Nike shoes are unique in that the swoosh logo of the firm do not appear on the Jordan brand products, only the Jumpman appears. Price: * The Jordan shoes are very expensive and there are almost never promoted even when there is a new range. Why? Because it is possible to buy all Air Jordan! The Jordan 1 in 1987 is still marketed. The style of Air Jordan is doesn’t date. * The price for Jordan Shoes are around 180 euros Place: These pairs of trainers marketed in shops specialized athletic shoes. * We found Jordan shoes in the specialized sport stores like Decathlon, Go Sport, Citadium, JD Sports †¦ But to have a wider choice you have to go to the shops or Nike Air Jordan in Shops. It is also possible to buy them online, * There is also the possibility of buying shoes on the Internet (Nike official web stores or jumpman23 official stores of Jordan Brand). Jordan shoes even have a website independent of Nike. * Jordan’s are unique shoes and this is why we cannot buy in any store. Promotion: * Jordan Brand uses all traditional media to communicate: radio, television, cinema, Internet and press. The first promotion for the Jordan brand is the personality of Michael Jordan. In fact, MJ is the best player in history in basketball. * Jordan Brand communicates through commercials spots with Michael Jordan showing. * Event with Michael Jordan who promoted the brand as for example the come out of Jordan CP3. Michael Jordan was there to show the pair of Jordan 2012 in the stores. How to cite Air Jordan Marketing, Essay examples

The Problem in Wanting free essay sample

There was not a single, shining moment of clarity in which I suddenly understood the importance or working hard for my education. I did not lose a loved one. I did not have a near death experience. I did not visit a museum or a national landmark. I did not read an inspiring book or see a feel-good film. I never had that â€Å"Ah ha† moment. Eureka never passed through my lips. However, at some point during my sophomore year of high school, I gradually began to truly think about the future; about what I did and didn’t want for my future. I did not want to despise my job as my stepfather does. I did not want to struggle to pay the bills as my mother once did. I want to live in a city I love, to drive a car I can count on. I want to travel, to learn, to understand. We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem in Wanting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These desires inspired me to commit to school, to bring my grades up, to look ahead, and to prepare myself for life after High School. In turn, I began to study harder, to care more, and to fight for the future that still seemed so far away. My Cs soon turned to Bs, and those Bs steadily to As. Before I even understood what I had done, I let myself begin to dream, to hope, and to imagine. Through aspiring for a bright future, I created a brighter present for myself. After two years of steady progress, my aspirations have grown, and I have grown. Now a senior in high school, I see my once far-off goals suddenly within reach; so close, I can feel their warmth. All my work spurred from wanting, and of course there lies a problem in wanting anything, in hoping and dreaming. Once you really want something—once you anticipate— you can lose it, you can be disappointed. I’ve grown up as the only child in a single-parent household. For most of my life it was just me and my mother, however a few years ago my mother got married and now we are a family of four. My mother is a self-employed cosmetologist, my step-father installs and repairs air-conditioning units, and I myself work a weekend job for minimum wage. We are far from the poorest people I know, but I assure you that we do not have $30,000 lying around waiting to buy me an education. Without some form of financial aid, I go nowhere and I do nothing until enough money can be saved up; which could take years. This is the reality I fear, a reality I know is too close for comfort. I have a wide range of interests that—in theory—could all be molded into respectable careers; from Creative Writing to Sociology, to Anthropology and Ethnology. â€Å"What do I want to be when I grow up?† I am not entirely certain. At Armstrong I hope to pursue Sociology as a course of study, but I can make no promises that in ten years I will be a Sociologist; it seems life is uncertain that way. While Sociology is offered only as a minor degree of study at Armstrong I believe it will be the perfect place to start, and the ideal environment for me to discover who I am and what I want to be. In closing, Armstrong Atlantic State University is where I want to be, where I’ve dreamed of being, and where I’ve worked hard to get. I know there may be failures, but I am ready to overcome them. Through perseverance, dedication, and motivation I will make my family, my University, and myself proud; if I am only awarded the opportunity.

Ancient Peruvian Ceramics Of The North Coast Essays - Free Essays

Ancient Peruvian Ceramics Of The North Coast Essays - Free Essays Ancient Peruvian Ceramics Of The North Coast Ancient Peruvian Ceramics of the North Coast March 11, 1997 The first pottery pieces found in Peru were made somewhere between 1500 and 1000 b.p. The pieces were found in the central Andean region where a religious cult lived. This cult was called Chavn, after the best known ceremonial center, Chavn de Huntar. The religious center was the home to massive temples that were highly embellished with low relief sculptures of gods, animals, and symbols. The pottery found in the area where vessels that were well made and highly decorated with a similar motif as the temples. But the evolution of Peruvian pottery becomes somewhat confusing and complex after this first civilization of potters. There is a division of people into the North Coast and the South Coast. The split created two styles of pottery, although similar, they never quite merge. I am only going to talk about the north coast traditions. On the North coast there are five cultures that evolve into the dominant Mochica style, which was one of the most vigorous and prosperous cultures of Ancient Peru. The next earliest North Coast style, other than the Chavn, started with the Cupisnique people in the Chicama valley. Their ceramics closely resembled those of highland Chavn. They were well made and polished, though somewhat thick walled and heavy. The type of firing used produced a dark semireduced ware that varied from brownish gray to carbon black in color. Decoration consisted of bold, curvilinear human, feline, and birds of pray heads, eye patterns, pelt markings, and other brief symbols of geometric devices. In the valley to the south of the Cupisnique were the Salinar people who sometime during the fifth century b.p. moved into the north coast of Peru and spread its influence throughout the Cupisnique area. Salinar pottery, though deceptively primitive in ornamentation, was technologically superior to that of the Cupisnique. Vessels were made of well-prepared clays that were fully oxidized in firing, making them an even orange color. Cream and red slips were used to accentuate sculptural forms and create flat geometric patterns, but not to draw figurative motifs. The technical advances of the controlled oxidation firing and slip decoration soon had their effect on contemporary Cupisnique ceramics. Personally, I enjoyed the bottle forms they used with their double strap handles that lead from the shoulder of the forms to the one central spout. (see figures 1 and 2). This style of vessel seems to continue throughout the centuries. Three other cultures in north coast valleys contributed their pottery style to the over all Cusisnique style that was evolving into the Mochica style. These people were the Gallinazo, Recuay, and Vics. The Gallinazo constructed double chamber vessels with whistle spouts and a type of decoration called negative decoration where they painted their simple designs on after the pieces were fired. The Recuay also had double chamber vessels but these had one functioning spout and one sculpted, usually an animal or figure. They also used negative decoration but theirs were much more elaborate designs than the Gallinazo vessels. The Vics lived in the highlands on the Ecuadorian border. They made very sculptural vessels with a stirrup handle and central spout. (see figures 3, 4, and 5) Although a hand full of Vics artifacts have been found, not much is known about these people, but one can see a visible connection between all of these different cultures and the Mochica style that evolved out o f them. The Mochica civilization flourished for nearly 1000 years and as time passed slight changes in the style could be seen and are chronologically separated into Mochica I-V. The first two are formative phases with lots of experimentation. The third concentrated on a distinctive art style, which continued through the forth and gradually declined in the fifth. They expressed many aspects of their culture and daily life in their ceramics. Things like warriors, runners (people who run bags of beans were important to the ceremonial life), portraits, religion, gods, and animals were shown on vessels. Mochica I was a strong continuation of the late Cupisnique sculptural style. The forms are compact with little suggestion of action, and details are often rendered in incised lines. Faces